■■■ [root@macbook ~]# fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.41.3). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. This disk is currently in use - repartitioning is probably a bad idea. It's recommended to umount all file systems, and swapoff all swap partitions on this disk. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 233.76 GiB, 251000193024 bytes, 490234752 sectors Disk model: APPLE SSD SD0256 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 4F3AA6FD-834F-40F4-98AB-A83FDB4D913C Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 2048 1230847 1228800 600M EFI System /dev/sda2 1230848 5425151 4194304 2G Linux extended boot /dev/sda3 5425152 152233983 146808832 70G Linux LVM Command (m for help): n Partition number (4-128, default 4): First sector (152233984-490234718, default 152233984): Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (152233984-490234718, default 490233855): Created a new partition 4 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 161.2 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 233.76 GiB, 251000193024 bytes, 490234752 sectors Disk model: APPLE SSD SD0256 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 4F3AA6FD-834F-40F4-98AB-A83FDB4D913C Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 2048 1230847 1228800 600M EFI System /dev/sda2 1230848 5425151 4194304 2G Linux extended boot /dev/sda3 5425152 152233983 146808832 70G Linux LVM /dev/sda4 152233984 490233855 337999872 161.2G Linux filesystem Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Syncing disks. [root@macbook ~]# ■■■ [root@macbook ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sda4 [root@macbook ~]# mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/test ■■■ DEPTH=1 NAME=standard_sequential_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=2 NAME=standard_sequential_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=4 NAME=standard_sequential_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=8 NAME=standard_sequential_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=16 NAME=standard_sequential_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# grep IOPS *txt 20260310.042841.standard_sequential_write_1.txt: write: IOPS=453, BW=453MiB/s (475MB/s)(2048MiB/4517msec); 0 zone resets 20260310.042944.standard_sequential_write_2.txt: write: IOPS=573, BW=574MiB/s (601MB/s)(2048MiB/3571msec); 0 zone resets 20260310.043000.standard_sequential_write_4.txt: write: IOPS=579, BW=579MiB/s (607MB/s)(2048MiB/3535msec); 0 zone resets 20260310.043113.standard_sequential_write_8.txt: write: IOPS=592, BW=592MiB/s (621MB/s)(2048MiB/3458msec); 0 zone resets ■ 20260310.043241.standard_sequential_write_16.txt: write: IOPS=585, BW=585MiB/s (614MB/s)(2048MiB/3500msec); 0 zone resets ■■■ DEPTH=1 NAME=standard_sequential_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=2 NAME=standard_sequential_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=4 NAME=standard_sequential_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=8 NAME=standard_sequential_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=16 NAME=standard_sequential_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# grep IOPS *read*txt 20260310.051022.standard_sequential_read_1.txt: read: IOPS=575, BW=575MiB/s (603MB/s)(2048MiB/3560msec) 20260310.051131.standard_sequential_read_2.txt: read: IOPS=750, BW=750MiB/s (787MB/s)(2048MiB/2729msec) 20260310.051212.standard_sequential_read_4.txt: read: IOPS=754, BW=755MiB/s (792MB/s)(2048MiB/2713msec) 20260310.051240.standard_sequential_read_8.txt: read: IOPS=752, BW=752MiB/s (789MB/s)(2048MiB/2722msec) ■ 20260310.051312.standard_sequential_read_16.txt: read: IOPS=754, BW=754MiB/s (791MB/s)(2048MiB/2715msec) ■■■ DEPTH=1 NAME=standard_random_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randwrite --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=2 NAME=standard_random_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randwrite --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=4 NAME=standard_random_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randwrite --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=8 NAME=standard_random_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randwrite --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=16 NAME=standard_random_write_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randwrite --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# grep IOPS *random_write* 20260310.051740.standard_random_write_1.txt: write: IOPS=4645, BW=18.1MiB/s (19.0MB/s)(128MiB/7054msec); 0 zone resets 20260310.051832.standard_random_write_2.txt: write: IOPS=13.6k, BW=53.1MiB/s (55.7MB/s)(128MiB/2411msec); 0 zone resets 20260310.052016.standard_random_write_4.txt: write: IOPS=11.1k, BW=43.5MiB/s (45.6MB/s)(128MiB/2944msec); 0 zone resets 20260310.052116.standard_random_write_8.txt: write: IOPS=22.2k, BW=86.8MiB/s (91.0MB/s)(128MiB/1475msec); 0 zone resets ■ 20260310.052240.standard_random_write_16.txt: write: IOPS=19.9k, BW=77.9MiB/s (81.6MB/s)(128MiB/1644msec); 0 zone resets ■■■ DEPTH=1 NAME=standard_random_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randread --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=2 NAME=standard_random_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randread --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=4 NAME=standard_random_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randread --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=8 NAME=standard_random_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randread --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? DEPTH=16 NAME=standard_random_read_$DEPTH fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=128m --bs=4k --readwrite=randread --iodepth=$DEPTH > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# grep IOPS *random_read* 20260310.052513.standard_random_read_1.txt: read: IOPS=4782, BW=18.7MiB/s (19.6MB/s)(128MiB/6852msec) 20260310.052536.standard_random_read_2.txt: read: IOPS=8759, BW=34.2MiB/s (35.9MB/s)(128MiB/3741msec) 20260310.052547.standard_random_read_4.txt: read: IOPS=17.4k, BW=68.2MiB/s (71.5MB/s)(128MiB/1878msec) 20260310.052557.standard_random_read_8.txt: read: IOPS=48.6k, BW=190MiB/s (199MB/s)(128MiB/674msec) ■ 20260310.052605.standard_random_read_16.txt: read: IOPS=49.2k, BW=192MiB/s (202MB/s)(128MiB/666msec)