●●● [root@macbook ~]# fdisk /dev/sda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.41.3). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. This disk is currently in use - repartitioning is probably a bad idea. It's recommended to umount all file systems, and swapoff all swap partitions on this disk. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 233.76 GiB, 251000193024 bytes, 490234752 sectors Disk model: APPLE SSD SD0256 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 4F3AA6FD-834F-40F4-98AB-A83FDB4D913C Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 2048 1230847 1228800 600M EFI System /dev/sda2 1230848 5425151 4194304 2G Linux extended boot /dev/sda3 5425152 152233983 146808832 70G Linux LVM Command (m for help): n Partition number (4-128, default 4): First sector (152233984-490234718, default 152233984): Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (152233984-490234718, default 490233855): Created a new partition 4 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 161.2 GiB. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 233.76 GiB, 251000193024 bytes, 490234752 sectors Disk model: APPLE SSD SD0256 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 4F3AA6FD-834F-40F4-98AB-A83FDB4D913C Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 2048 1230847 1228800 600M EFI System /dev/sda2 1230848 5425151 4194304 2G Linux extended boot /dev/sda3 5425152 152233983 146808832 70G Linux LVM /dev/sda4 152233984 490233855 337999872 161.2G Linux filesystem Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-4, default 4): Partition type or alias (type L to list all): lvm Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux LVM'. Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sda: 233.76 GiB, 251000193024 bytes, 490234752 sectors Disk model: APPLE SSD SD0256 Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disklabel type: gpt Disk identifier: 4F3AA6FD-834F-40F4-98AB-A83FDB4D913C Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 2048 1230847 1228800 600M EFI System /dev/sda2 1230848 5425151 4194304 2G Linux extended boot /dev/sda3 5425152 152233983 146808832 70G Linux LVM /dev/sda4 152233984 490233855 337999872 161.2G Linux LVM Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered. Syncing disks. [root@macbook ~]# ●●● [root@macbook ~]# pvs PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda3 fedora_macbook lvm2 a-- 70.00g 0 [root@macbook ~]# vgs VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree fedora_macbook 1 1 0 wz--n- 70.00g 0 [root@macbook ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert root fedora_macbook -wi-ao---- 70.00g ●●● [root@macbook ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda4 Physical volume "/dev/sda4" successfully created. [root@macbook ~]# vgcreate vg_apple /dev/sda4 Volume group "vg_apple" successfully created [root@macbook ~]# lvcreate -n lv_apple -L 20G vg_apple Logical volume "lv_apple" created. [root@macbook ~]# lvs LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert root fedora_macbook -wi-ao---- 70.00g lv_apple vg_apple -wi-a----- 20.00g ●●● [root@macbook ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vg_apple/lv_apple [root@macbook ~]# mount /dev/vg_apple/lv_apple /mnt/test ●●●スナップ無し NAME=thick_sequential_1st fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.write.txt; echo $? fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.read.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# egrep 'write:|read:' *txt | awk '{print $1,$4}' 20260303.042545.thick_sequential_1st.write.txt: BW=473MiB/s 20260303.042558.thick_sequential_1st.read.txt: BW=565MiB/s ●●●スナップ１つ [root@macbook ~]# lvcreate --snapshot --size 20G --name lv_apple_ss_1 /dev/vg_apple/lv_apple Logical volume "lv_apple_ss_1" created. [root@macbook ~]# lvs vg_apple LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_apple vg_apple owi-aos--- 20.00g lv_apple_ss_1 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 0.00 NAME=thick_sequential_2nd fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.write.txt; echo $? fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.read.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# ls -lh /mnt/test/ total 4.0G -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:25 thick_sequential_1st.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:30 thick_sequential_2nd.0.0 [root@macbook ~]# egrep 'write:|read:' *txt | awk '{print $1,$4}' 20260303.042545.thick_sequential_1st.write.txt: BW=473MiB/s 20260303.042558.thick_sequential_1st.read.txt: BW=565MiB/s 20260303.042905.thick_sequential_2nd.write.txt: BW=25.2MiB/s 20260303.043035.thick_sequential_2nd.read.txt: BW=572MiB/s ●●●スナップ２つ [root@macbook ~]# lvcreate --snapshot --size 20G --name lv_apple_ss_2 /dev/vg_apple/lv_apple Logical volume "lv_apple_ss_2" created. [root@macbook ~]# lvs vg_apple LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_apple vg_apple owi-aos--- 20.00g lv_apple_ss_1 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 10.04 lv_apple_ss_2 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 0.00 NAME=thick_sequential_3rd fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.write.txt; echo $? fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.read.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# ls -lh /mnt/test/ total 6.0G -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:25 thick_sequential_1st.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:30 thick_sequential_2nd.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:36 thick_sequential_3rd.0.0 [root@macbook ~]# egrep 'write:|read:' *txt | awk '{print $1,$4}' 20260303.042545.thick_sequential_1st.write.txt: BW=473MiB/s 20260303.042558.thick_sequential_1st.read.txt: BW=565MiB/s 20260303.042905.thick_sequential_2nd.write.txt: BW=25.2MiB/s 20260303.043035.thick_sequential_2nd.read.txt: BW=572MiB/s 20260303.043432.thick_sequential_3rd.write.txt: BW=16.9MiB/s 20260303.043736.thick_sequential_3rd.read.txt: BW=559MiB/s ●●●スナップ３つ [root@macbook ~]# lvcreate --snapshot --size 20G --name lv_apple_ss_3 /dev/vg_apple/lv_apple Logical volume "lv_apple_ss_3" created. [root@macbook ~]# lvs vg_apple LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_apple vg_apple owi-aos--- 20.00g lv_apple_ss_1 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 20.08 lv_apple_ss_2 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 10.04 lv_apple_ss_3 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 0.00 NAME=thick_sequential_4th fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.write.txt; echo $? fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.read.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# ls -lh /mnt/test/ total 8.0G -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:25 thick_sequential_1st.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:30 thick_sequential_2nd.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:36 thick_sequential_3rd.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:42 thick_sequential_4th.0.0 [root@macbook ~]# egrep 'write:|read:' *txt | awk '{print $1,$4}' 20260303.042545.thick_sequential_1st.write.txt: BW=473MiB/s 20260303.042558.thick_sequential_1st.read.txt: BW=565MiB/s 20260303.042905.thick_sequential_2nd.write.txt: BW=25.2MiB/s 20260303.043035.thick_sequential_2nd.read.txt: BW=572MiB/s 20260303.043432.thick_sequential_3rd.write.txt: BW=16.9MiB/s 20260303.043736.thick_sequential_3rd.read.txt: BW=559MiB/s 20260303.043947.thick_sequential_4th.write.txt: BW=12.7MiB/s 20260303.044309.thick_sequential_4th.read.txt: BW=555MiB/s [root@macbook ~]# ●●●スナップ４つ [root@macbook ~]# lvcreate --snapshot --size 20G --name lv_apple_ss_4 /dev/vg_apple/lv_apple Logical volume "lv_apple_ss_4" created. [root@macbook ~]# lvs vg_apple LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_apple vg_apple owi-aos--- 20.00g lv_apple_ss_1 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 30.12 lv_apple_ss_2 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 20.08 lv_apple_ss_3 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 10.04 lv_apple_ss_4 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 0.00 NAME=thick_sequential_5th fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.write.txt; echo $? fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.read.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# ls -lh /mnt/test/ total 10G -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:25 thick_sequential_1st.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:30 thick_sequential_2nd.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:36 thick_sequential_3rd.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:42 thick_sequential_4th.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:48 thick_sequential_5th.0.0 [root@macbook ~]# egrep 'write:|read:' *txt | awk '{print $1,$4}' 20260303.042545.thick_sequential_1st.write.txt: BW=473MiB/s 20260303.042558.thick_sequential_1st.read.txt: BW=565MiB/s 20260303.042905.thick_sequential_2nd.write.txt: BW=25.2MiB/s 20260303.043035.thick_sequential_2nd.read.txt: BW=572MiB/s 20260303.043432.thick_sequential_3rd.write.txt: BW=16.9MiB/s 20260303.043736.thick_sequential_3rd.read.txt: BW=559MiB/s 20260303.043947.thick_sequential_4th.write.txt: BW=12.7MiB/s 20260303.044309.thick_sequential_4th.read.txt: BW=555MiB/s 20260303.044457.thick_sequential_5th.write.txt: BW=10.0MiB/s 20260303.044841.thick_sequential_5th.read.txt: BW=562MiB/s ●●●スナップ無し [root@macbook ~]# lvs vg_apple LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_apple vg_apple owi-aos--- 20.00g lv_apple_ss_1 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 40.16 lv_apple_ss_2 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 30.12 lv_apple_ss_3 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 20.08 lv_apple_ss_4 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 10.04 [root@macbook ~]# lvremove vg_apple/lv_apple_ss_1 Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg_apple/lv_apple_ss_1? [y/n]: y Logical volume "lv_apple_ss_1" successfully removed. [root@macbook ~]# lvs vg_apple LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_apple vg_apple owi-aos--- 20.00g lv_apple_ss_2 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 30.12 lv_apple_ss_3 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 20.08 lv_apple_ss_4 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 10.04 [root@macbook ~]# lvremove vg_apple/lv_apple_ss_4 Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg_apple/lv_apple_ss_4? [y/n]: y Logical volume "lv_apple_ss_4" successfully removed. [root@macbook ~]# lvs vg_apple LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_apple vg_apple owi-aos--- 20.00g lv_apple_ss_2 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 30.12 lv_apple_ss_3 vg_apple swi-a-s--- 20.00g lv_apple 20.08 [root@macbook ~]# lvremove vg_apple/lv_apple_ss_2 vg_apple/lv_apple_ss_3 Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg_apple/lv_apple_ss_2? [y/n]: y Logical volume "lv_apple_ss_2" successfully removed. Do you really want to remove active logical volume vg_apple/lv_apple_ss_3? [y/n]: y Logical volume "lv_apple_ss_3" successfully removed. [root@macbook ~]# lvs vg_apple LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data% Meta% Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert lv_apple vg_apple -wi-ao---- 20.00g [root@macbook ~]# NAME=thick_sequential_6th fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=write > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.write.txt; echo $? fio --name=$NAME --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --directory=/mnt/test --size=2g --bs=1024k --readwrite=read > ~/$(date +%Y%m%d.%H%M%S).$NAME.read.txt; echo $? [root@macbook ~]# ls -lh /mnt/test/ total 12G -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:25 thick_sequential_1st.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:30 thick_sequential_2nd.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:36 thick_sequential_3rd.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:42 thick_sequential_4th.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:48 thick_sequential_5th.0.0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0G Mar 3 04:52 thick_sequential_6th.0.0 [root@macbook ~]# egrep 'write:|read:' *txt | awk '{print $1,$4}' 20260303.042545.thick_sequential_1st.write.txt: BW=473MiB/s 20260303.042558.thick_sequential_1st.read.txt: BW=565MiB/s 20260303.042905.thick_sequential_2nd.write.txt: BW=25.2MiB/s 20260303.043035.thick_sequential_2nd.read.txt: BW=572MiB/s 20260303.043432.thick_sequential_3rd.write.txt: BW=16.9MiB/s 20260303.043736.thick_sequential_3rd.read.txt: BW=559MiB/s 20260303.043947.thick_sequential_4th.write.txt: BW=12.7MiB/s 20260303.044309.thick_sequential_4th.read.txt: BW=555MiB/s 20260303.044457.thick_sequential_5th.write.txt: BW=10.0MiB/s 20260303.044841.thick_sequential_5th.read.txt: BW=562MiB/s 20260303.045214.thick_sequential_6th.write.txt: BW=469MiB/s 20260303.045224.thick_sequential_6th.read.txt: BW=573MiB/s [root@macbook ~]# ●●● ●●● ●●● ●●●